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Clif Brown's avatar

When I was a kid in the 50's, blacks were all but invisible. They never appeared in advertising (nor did latinos) and were scarcely present in sports. For entertainment, we had cringeworthy characters like "Rochester" on the Jack Benny Show and, in the 60's, Bill Dana doing his Jose Jimenez routines to wild applause.

The effort for diversity has been a long and hard one. Affirmative action and busing were flashpoints but it is hard to see how another way could have been taken. Appearances mean quite a bit. The denial of racial equality made it extremely difficult for blacks to get into any but the lowest positions of the labor force. I recently took AMTRAK from Chicago to DC and noticed that the "red caps", the porters who help out at the RR terminals, are now fully diverse, not exclusively black as they once were. In like manner, the conductors are diverse and not exclusively white as they once were. That's a sign of progress.

jg moebus's avatar

Speaking of “war and weapons as investment,” Gee… . Can an “Ice Breaker Gap” with Russia ~ like the “Missile Gap” with the USSR back in the late 50s [see #Note below] ~ be far behind? My neighbors up here in Alaska are already talking about it. And some are even thinking about it… :

PUTIN TOUTS RUSSIA’S ‘ARCTIC POWER’ WITH NEW NUCLEAR ICEBREAKER {Extracts] by Al Jazeera 22 Nov 22

*** ARCTIC EXPERTS HAVE SAID IT WOULD TAKE THE WEST AT LEAST 10 YEARS TO CATCH UP WITH RUSSIA’S MILITARY IN THE REGION, IF IT CHOSE TO DO SO. ***

President Vladimir Putin on Tuesday touted Russia’s Arctic power at a flag-raising ceremony and dock launch for two nuclear-powered icebreakers that will ensure year-round navigation in the Western Arctic.

Presiding via video link from the Kremlin at the launch ceremony in St Petersburg in northern Russia, Putin said such icebreakers were of strategic importance for the country.

“Both icebreakers were laid down as part of a large serial project and are part of our large-scale, systematic work to re-equip and replenish the domestic icebreaker fleet, TO STRENGTHEN RUSSIA’S STATUS AS A GREAT ARCTIC POWER,” Putin said.

THE ARCTIC IS TAKING ON GREATER STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE, AS A SHRINKING ICE CAP OPENS UP NEW SEA LANES.

VAST OIL AND GAS RESOURCES LIE IN RUSSIA’S ARCTIC REGIONS, INCLUDING A LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS PLANT ON THE YAMAL PENINSULA.

“We will increase the capabilities of our nuclear icebreaker fleet,” Putin said.

The 173.3-metre (569 feet) Yakutia, with a displacement of up to 33,540 tonnes, can smash through ice of up to three metres. It will enter service in 2024.

Two other icebreakers in the same series, the Arktika and the Sibir, are already in service, and another, the Chukotka, is scheduled for 2026.

Putin said a super-powerful nuclear 209-metre icebreaker known as “Rossiya”, with a displacement of up to 71,380 tonnes, would be completed by 2027. It will be able to break through ice four metres thick.

“They are needed for the study and development of the Arctic, to ensure safe, sustainable navigation in this region, to increase traffic along the Northern Sea Route,” Putin said.

“THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS MOST IMPORTANT TRANSPORT CORRIDOR WILL ALLOW RUSSIA TO MORE FULLY UNLOCK ITS EXPORT POTENTIAL AND ESTABLISH EFFICIENT LOGISTICS ROUTES, INCLUDING TO SOUTHEAST ASIA.”

Putin, who came to power in 1999 promising to end the chaos triggered by the collapse of the Soviet Union, has quietly strengthened RUSSIA’S PRESENCE IN THE ARCTIC, WHERE RUSSIA HAS MORE THAN 24,000KM (15,000 MILES) OF COASTLINE, STRETCHING FROM THE BARENTS SEA TO THE SEA OF OKHOTSK.

SINCE 2005, RUSSIA HAS REOPENED TENS OF ARCTIC SOVIET-ERA MILITARY BASES, MODERNISED ITS NAVY, AND DEVELOPED NEW HYPERSONIC MISSILES DESIGNED TO EVADE US SENSORS AND DEFENCES.

Source: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/22/putin-touts-russias-arctic-power-with-new-nuclear-icebreaker [EMPHASES added.]

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